Two of the three objecting Justices—Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas—agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute.

三位反对法官中的两位——塞缪尔·阿利托和克拉伦斯·托马斯——同意这一宪法逻辑，但对于亚利桑那州法律中的哪一条款触犯了联邦法律这个问题存在分歧。