When they start to seize up a lot of non-linear effects-processes in which small causes have disproportionate effects-come into play, making it much harder to see what is going to happen next.
The earliest of the Big Five, the end-Ordovician or Ordovician-Silurian extinction events some 444 million years ago, are reckoned by many to be the second largest.
The origin: In a 1986 study, Japanese researchers discovered cancer developing in rats that were fed "heterocyclic amines, " compounds that are generated from overcooking meat under high heat.
When teams consist of experienced employees from hierarchical organizations, who have been conditioned to traditional organizational culture, cooperation may not occur naturally.