Spurred on by funding policies, half of the European research articles had international co-authors in 2007, this is more than twice the level of two decades ago.
If any misrepresentation or concealment of fact will lead to disqualification, restitution in full of the total maintenance grants received or to be prosecuted.
The decline in government support has made fundraising an increasing necessary ability among administrators and hiring committees hungry for Americans.
The importance of Johnson's letter is not so much historical as emotional; it would become a touchstone for all who repudiated patrons and for all who embraced the laws of the marketplace.
European nations were slow to bail-out bankrupt Greece last spring but are now pressing debt-addled Ireland to take a $100 billion stability fund check over Irish objections.